Objective: This study aimed to quantify liver and spleen stiffness at diagnosis in newly diagnosed, treatment-naive BCR: : ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) using point shear-wave elastography (pSWE) and to explore associations with hematological parameters and bone marrow fibrosis grade.
Materials and Methods: Prospective pSWE was performed for 33 newly diagnosed, treatment-naive patients with BCR: : ABL1-negative MPNs, including cases of essential thrombocythemia (n=13), primary myelofibrosis (MF) (n=12), and polycythemia vera (n=8), and for 31 age- and sex-matched controls. Shear-wave velocity (Vs, m/s) was recorded as the median of ≥10 valid measurements per organ, with interquartile range/median of <30% as the reliability criterion. Correlations with blood counts and bone marrow fibrosis grade were evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was exploratory because of the modest sample size and limited number of high-grade fibrosis cases.
Results: Hepatic Vs was higher in patients than in the control group (1.21 [1.09-1.34] vs. 0.98 [0.86-1.11] m/s; p<0.01), whereas splenic Vs was similar between the groups (3.09 [2.76-3.50] vs. 3.21 [2.91-3.44] m/s; p=0.41). Hepatic Vs correlated with leukocyte count (r=0.47; p<0.01) and bone marrow fibrosis grade (r=0.47; p<0.05). Hepatic Vs identified MF of grade 3 with an area under the curve value of 0.77; however, the proposed cut-off of ≥1.22 m/s should be interpreted as a preliminary research threshold rather than a clinically validated threshold.
Conclusion: At diagnosis, hepatic stiffness was increased in this treatment-naive BCR: : ABL1-negative MPN cohort and showed a modest association with marrow fibrosis grade and leukocyte count. Splenic stiffness was not increased in this mixed-subtype cohort. These findings support hepatic pSWE as a hypothesis-generating adjunct to baseline phenotyping but not as a replacement for bone marrow biopsy or hematological risk assessment.

Objective: We aimed to develop a survival prediction system integrating radiomics and clinical features for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) and to compare the performance of different feature sets and algorithms in the early prediction of progression-free survival (PFS).
Materials and Methods: This study retrospectively included 300 MM patients between June 2022 and June 2024, with their baseline positron emission tomography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging radiomics features and clinical variables collected. Following construction of a radiomics-based risk score (Rad-score), seven machine learning-based survival models were established using the clinical feature set, the image feature set, and the integrated feature set.
Results: The fusion feature set-based gradient boosting model (GBM) showed numerically favorable overall performance in predicting 12-month PFS, suggesting that the integration of radiomics and clinical variables may provide complementary predictive information for early risk stratification. The model effectively distinguished high-, intermediate-, and low-risk patients (log-rank p<0.001), and calibration curve analysis and decision curve analysis revealed favorable calibration and high clinical net benefits. Shapley additive explanations analysis showed that the Rad-score was one of the most important features in the model, indicating that radiomics information may contribute prognostic value within the integrated feature space. β2-microglobulin, age, lactate dehydrogenase, blood calcium, platelet count, and hemoglobin were also identified as key contributing features.
Conclusion: The integration of radiomics and clinical variables may improve early PFS prediction in MM patients. The GBM using fused features showed relatively good discriminative ability, potential clinical applicability, and favorable interpretability.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate cytomegalovirus (CMV) monitoring results in adult patients with hematological malignancies, identify risk factors associated with CMV reactivation, and emphasize the importance of regular CMV DNA monitoring using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Materials and Methods: In this prospective single-center study, 316 adult patients with leukemia or lymphoma receiving chemotherapy without hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were included. CMV DNA levels were monitored twice weekly during chemotherapy. Clinical and laboratory data were reviewed and associations between CMV reactivation and clinical and demographic parameters, including age, sex, malignancy type, neutropenia duration, lymphocyte count, and co-infections, were analyzed to identify independent risk factors.
Results: A total of 504 hospitalization episodes were recorded. CMV infection occurred in 9% of patients. CMV viremia was observed in 35 episodes, with 13 episodes showing both viremia and clinical CMV disease. Among the 13 cases of CMV disease, 4 were CMV retinitis and 9 CMV pneumonia. Antiviral therapy was administered in 29 episodes. Among 48 episodes of CMV viremia, 16 (33%) cases received preemptive therapy and 13 (27%) were treated for CMV disease. Postneutropenia lymphopenia and concurrent infections were identified as independent risk factors for CMV reactivation.
Conclusion: This real-world study demonstrates that CMV infection is a significant threat during intensive chemotherapy in patients with hematological malignancies. Regular PCR-based CMV DNA monitoring allows early detection and timely intervention, potentially reducing morbidity and improving outcomes. These findings support routine CMV surveillance of high-risk hematological cases to enhance patient management and clinical care.

Objective: Asparaginase is essential in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy, but toxicity frequently necessitates formulation switching or discontinuation. This study evaluates real-world patterns of asparaginase use and the frequency and causes of formulation switching, and it assesses the impact of formulation switching and incomplete dosing on survival outcomes.
Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective single-center study of 313 children with ALL treated according to Berlin-Frankfurt- Munster-based protocols between January 2009 and January 2024. Three asparaginase preparations were used: native Escherichia coli L-asparaginase, pegylated E. coli asparaginase, and Erwinia chrysanthemi asparaginase. We evaluated formulation changes or discontinuation, their causes, and their impact on event-free survival (EFS), overall survival (OS), and cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR). To avoid reverse causation, patients unable to complete asparaginase because of an early event (induction death or refractory disease) were analyzed separately. The remaining patients were grouped as having received standard complete treatment, drug shortage or toxicityrelated formulation switch with preserved dose, or drug shortage or toxicity-related discontinuation with incomplete dose.
Results: The median age of the patients was 6.9 years, 58.1% were male, and 86.6% had B-cell ALL while 13.4% had T-cell ALL. Asparaginase formulation change occurred for 78 patients (24.9%), increasing across risk groups (standard: 4.0%, intermediate: 15.4%, high: 42.9%), most often due to hypersensitivity (64 patients, 20.4%). After a median follow-up of 5.2 years, 5-year OS and EFS for the whole cohort were 87.4% and 81.6%, respectively. Among 302 evaluable patients, 5-year EFS was 83.1% in the standard complete treatment group, 93.8% in the formulation-switch group, and 69.1% in the incomplete treatment group (p=0.027 for three-group comparison); the corresponding 5-year CIR rates were 13.3%, 2.2%, and 15.9%. Formulation switch with preserved dose was not associated with inferior EFS (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 0.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.07-0.77), and discontinuation showed a numerically lower EFS that was not statistically significant (HR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.36-2.91).
Conclusion: Formulation switching with preserved total cumulative exposure did not compromise outcomes, supporting the safety of substituting alternative preparations to maintain asparaginase exposure. Incomplete treatment showed a nonsignificant trend toward inferior EFS that warrants confirmation in larger cohorts. Ensuring access to alternative asparaginase formulations is critical, particularly where drug supply is constrained.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of volumetric metabolic parameters and their longitudinal changes from 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL).
Materials and Methods: Metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) were calculated from the baseline, interim, and post-treatment PET/CT scans of 63 adult patients with HL. Delta (Δ) parameters representing percentage changes were computed. Cox regression and Kaplan- Meier analyses were performed. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was applied to determine optimal cut-offs for baseline parameters; median dichotomization was used for delta metrics.
Results: Pre-treatment MTV1 was significantly higher in patients with progression (650.98±751.34 vs. 354.15±306.72 cm3, p=0.048) and non-survivors (916.91±1040.12 vs. 369.44±310.39 cm3, p=0.024). Interim and post-treatment parameters showed similar associations (p≤0.02 for all). Cox regression confirmed MTV1 and TLG1 as significant predictors for both PFS and OS (p≤0.027). Notably, long-interval metabolic changes (ΔMTV1-3, ΔTLG1-3, ΔSUVmax1-3) demonstrated strong prognostic significance (p≤0.007 for all), with ΔSUVmax1-3 independently predicting PFS (hazard ratio: 0.30, 95% confidence interval: 0.12-0.76; p=0.011). Optimal baseline MTV1 cut-offs were 232 cm3 for PFS and 308 cm3 for OS.
Conclusion: Baseline volumetric parameters and long-interval metabolic changes are powerful prognostic markers in HL. ΔSUVmax1-3 provides additional risk stratification beyond baseline measurements, supporting the integration of dynamic PET metrics into clinical practice.

Invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with hematological malignancies, especially those undergoing intensive chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). This text provides a comprehensive risk-adapted framework for antifungal prophylaxis, stratifying patients into high-, intermediate-, and low-risk categories. Moldactive prophylaxis, primarily with posaconazole, is recommended for high-risk patients such as those with acute myeloid leukemia during remission induction or those with grade III-IV graft-versus-host disease following allogeneic HSCT. Fluconazole remains an option for yeast-active prophylaxis in intermediate-risk patients, while low-risk groups generally do not require prophylaxis. The evolving landscape of targeted therapies such as venetoclax, FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitors, and CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy poses new challenges, particularly due to drug-drug interactions with triazole antifungals. In patients receiving venetoclax, azole co-administration necessitates significant dose adjustments. We also present algorithms for antifungal management in the context of CD19 CAR-T therapy and novel agents, emphasizing the role of individualized risk assessment. Beyond prophylaxis, timely diagnosis and early treatment of IFDs are critical. The role of thoracic computed tomography, serum and bronchoalveolar lavage galactomannan, and fungal biomarkers is discussed within diagnostic-driven strategies. We outline treatment pathways for suspected pulmonary or sinus fungal infections, including when to escalate antifungal therapy or consider surgical intervention. This content offers a practical and evidencebased guide for clinicians navigating antifungal strategies in a rapidly changing therapeutic landscape, aiming to reduce IFD-related mortality while balancing toxicity, resistance, and healthcare costs.

Advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by a complex hemostatic state in which thrombotic and bleeding risks coexist. As kidney function declines, balancing thrombotic protection against bleeding risk becomes increasingly challenging. Although atrial fibrillation is common and associated with a high stroke risk in advanced CKD, the net clinical benefit of anticoagulation remains uncertain because this population has been largely excluded from pivotal randomized trials. Existing risk scores incompletely capture CKDspecific and dynamic determinants of both thrombosis and bleeding. Observational data suggest potential advantages of apixaban over warfarin, whereas evidence for other agents remains limited. Recent randomized evidence has reinforced the difficulty of extrapolating antithrombotic strategies from the general cardiovascular population to advanced CKD. Future research should prioritize CKD-specific risk prediction, inclusion of advanced CKD populations in randomized trials, and safer anticoagulant strategies, including factor XI/XIa inhibitors.

Pruritus may be a debilitating symptom in cases of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN). Since mast cells (MCs) play a pivotal role, we hypothesized that bone marrow (BM) MCs contribute to the occurrence of pruritus. In this exploratory study, untreated MPN patients were included. BM aspirate/biopsy/blood samples and responses to the MPN-Symptom Assessment Form were obtained. Thirty-two patients were included (essential thrombocythemia, n=19; polycythemia vera, n=7; primary myelofibrosis, n=6). Eleven had clinically significant pruritus (35%). The absolute MC count and proportion per total nucleated BM cells were significantly higher in patients with pruritus compared to those without (mean of 25.5 vs. 58.1 MCs/mm2, p=0.032 and 0.59% vs. 1.66%, p=0.041, respectively). MC immunophenotypes and serum levels of tryptase, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and soluble CD117 were not correlated. Thus, this study showed that absolute and relative MC numbers are increased in cases of MPN with pruritus. However, whether MCs play a pathophysiological role in causing pruritus or are bystanders remains to be determined.

This study evaluated the current status, clinical capacity, and key barriers related to chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy in Türkiye with the aim of guiding national policy development. From June 2023 to March 2024, the Scientific Subcommittee on Cell and Gene Therapies of the Turkish Society of Hematology conducted two nationwide online surveys and held three multidisciplinary meetings with contributions from hematologists, basic scientists, and key stakeholders. Survey findings were integrated with the meeting outputs and recent regulatory developments. Surveys indicated a marked gap between the estimated annual need (about 507 patients) and actual access to CAR-T therapy. Between 2019 and March 2024, only 23 patients in Türkiye received CAR-T therapy. Major barriers included high treatment costs, insufficient infrastructure, and a limited number of trained personnel. Expert meetings further highlighted challenges with regulatory pathways, reimbursement, and the need for standardized production and clinical protocols. Despite these limitations, participants demonstrated strong clinical readiness and consensus on the need to improve access. The implementation of CAR-T therapy in Türkiye continues to be impeded by structural and economic limitations. It is imperative to develop a strategic national roadmap that encompasses: 1) the establishment of a national academic CAR-T network, 2) the securing of sustainable funding and legal frameworks, 3) the implementation of hospital-exemption pathways, 4) the development of a centralized registry, 5) the expansion of structured training programs, and 6) the enhancement of international collaborations. These measures are fundamental for the sustainable integration of this therapy into clinical practice.