The presence of HbS was reported in Turkey for the first time in the late fifties by Aksoy et al. This was followed by other reports by the same author revealing the presence of several other abnormal hemoglobins in Turkey. So far up to present 42 abnormal hemoglobins have been identified in the Turkish population. In addition to the studies conducted in Turkey, many European researchers reported their findings in the immigrant Turkish population in their countries. This review tries to cover the tremendous efforts in this field.