E-ISSN: 1308-5263
Do Alarmins Have a Role in Multiple Myeloma? [Turk J Hematol]
Turk J Hematol. Ahead of Print: TJH-84594 | DOI: 10.4274/tjh.galenos.2024.2023.0469  

Do Alarmins Have a Role in Multiple Myeloma?

Ayfer Gedük1, Merve Gökçen Polat1, Esra Terzi Demirsoy1, Berrin Öztaş2, Baldan Huri Eryılmaz3, Emel Merve Yenihayat1, Hayrunnisa Albayrak1, Haşim Atakan Erol1, Özgür Mehtap1, Pınar Tarkun1, Abdullah Hacıhanefioğlu1
1Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, Kocaeli, Turkey
2Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Kocaeli, Turkey
33Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey

Objective: Calprotectin (CLP), S100A6, and High Mobility Group Nucleosome-Binding Protein 1 (HMGN1), known as alarmins, are involved in the pathogenesis of many tumors. In this study, we aimed to inve stigate the relationship of serum CLP, S100A6, and HMGN1 levels with clinical and laboratory findings in Multiple Myeloma (MM) patients and their role in the pathogenesis of MM.
Materials and Methods: We measured serum CLP, S100A6, and HMGN1 levels in 55 newly diagnosed patients and 32 healthy controls (HC).
Results: We determined significantly decreased serum CLP, S100A6 ve HMGN1 levels in MM patients compared to HC (p=0.012, p=0.001, p=0.030, respectively). ROC analysis was used to determine a diagnostic cut-off value for serum CLP, S100A6 and HMGN1; the cut off value for CLP was <98 ng/ml (AUC = 0.663, 95% CI 0.554-0.761, p=0.009), S100A6 was <1174.5 pg/ml (AUC = 0.706, 95% CI 0.598-0.799, p=0.001), and HMGN1 was <440.18 pg/ml (AUC = 0.640, 95% CI 0.530-0.740, p: 0.03). CLP level was found to be statistically significantly in light chain MM patients ( 91.58±22.57) higher than in heavy chain MM patients (79.42±15.83) (p=0.03). A negative correlation was observed between CLP and M protein, IgG, globulin, and beta 2 microglobulin (correlation coefficient: -0,361; -0,370; -0,279; -0,300, p=0,024, p=006, p=0,04, p=0,0033).
Conclusion: In this study, we found that serum CLP, S100A6, and HMGN1 levels were statistically lower in newly diagnosed MM patients compared to HC. These results suggest that CLP may binds to the paraprotein produced by heavy chain MM in the blood and therefore its blood levels are found to be low. Additionally, low levels of HMGN1, which is involved in DNA repair, suggest that HMGN1 may contribute to the complex genetic abnormalities found in MM.

Keywords: S100A8/9, capprotectin, S100A6, HMGN1, 1q21 gain/amplification


Ayfer Gedük1, Merve Gökçen Polat1, Esra Terzi Demirsoy1, Berrin Öztaş2, Baldan Huri Eryılmaz3, Emel Merve Yenihayat1, Hayrunnisa Albayrak1, Haşim Atakan Erol1, Özgür Mehtap1, Pınar Tarkun1, Abdullah Hacıhanefioğlu1
1Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, Kocaeli, Turkey
2Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Kocaeli, Turkey
3Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey

Amaç: Alarminler olarak bilinen Kalprotektin (CLP), S100A6 ve High Mobility Group Nucleosome- Binding Protein 1 (HMGN1), birçok tümörün patogenezinde rol almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Multiple Myelom (MM) hastalarında serum CLP, S100A6 ve HMGN1 düzeylerinin klinik ve laboratuvar bulgularıyla ilişkisini ve MM patogenezindeki rolünü araştırmayı amaçladık.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Yeni tanı almış 55 MM hastası ve 32 sağlıklı gönüllünün serum CLP, S100A6 ve HMGN1 düzeyleri ELISA yöntemiyle ölçüldü. Hastaların medikal kayıtları tarandı.
Bulgular: Hastaların tanıda bakılan CLP, S100A6 ve HMGN1 seviyeleri kontrol grubuna göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede düşük bulundu (sırasıyla p=0,012, p=0,001, p=0,030). ROC analizinde MM için CLP <98 ng/ml (AUC = 0,663, %95 CI 0,554-0,761, p=0,009), S100A6 <1174,5 pg/ml (AUC = 0,706, %95 CI 0,598- 0,799, p=0,001), HMGN1 için ise <440,18 pg/ml (AUC = 0,640, %95 CI 0,530-0,740, p: 0,03) tanısal cutoff değeri olarak belirlendi. CLP seviyesi, hafif zincir MM hastalarında (Mean± standart sapma; 91,58±22,57), ağır zincir MM hastalarına (79,42±15,83) göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede yüksek bulundu (p=0,03). CLP ile M protein, IgG, globülin ve beta 2 mikroglobulin arasında negatif korelasyon gözlendi (sırasıyla korelasyon katsayısı: -0,361; -0,370; -0,279; -0,300, p=0,024, p=006, p=0,04, p=0,0033).
Sonuç: Çalışmamızda yeni tanı almış MM hastalarında CLP, S100A6 ve HMGN1 serum seviyeleri tanısal anlam taşıyacak düzeyde düşük bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlar, CLP'nin kanda ağır zincir MM tarafından üretilen paraproteine bağlanabileceğini ve dolayısıyla kan seviyelerinin düşük bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca DNA tamirinde rol alan HMGN1’nin düşük düzeyleri, HMGN1’in MM’de bulunan komplex genetik anormalliklere katkı sağlayabileceğini düşündürtmektedir.





Corresponding Author: Ayfer Gedük


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